Quantifier: πᾶς ‘all’

MorphologyQuantifier – πᾶς singular

• πᾶς has 3rd declension endings in masc and neut, and 1st declension endings in fem
• The masc/neut stem is ‘πάντ-’, and the fem stem is ‘πᾶσ-’
• In the masc nom sg, the ‘-ς’ ending makes the ντ drop out, and in the neut nom and acc sg, just the τ drops out; the circumflex accent signals the letters dropping out
• The fem endings follow the mixed -α/-η pattern (see 8.3.4.1)

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MorphologyQuantifier – πᾶς plural

• Remember: the masc/neut stem is ‘πάντ-’ and has 3rd declension endings, and the fem stem is ‘πᾶσ-’ and has 1st declension endings (see 7.3.3.1)
• In the masc/neut dat pl, the σ makes the ντ drop out, so the vowel lengthens and the accent becomes circumflex (πάντ-σι > πᾶ-σι); compare to the nom sg

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SyntaxQuantifier – πᾶς

Words like all or some are quantifiers, which give the quantity of the noun they modify. Although πᾶς ‘all/every’ is often called an adjective in NT grammatical studies, its syntax suggests otherwise. Adjectives appear in several different slots when used attributively to modify nouns (17.3.3.2). If we only look at a phrase like πᾶν δένδρον, we might conclude that the syntax is no different from an adjective, since we could also say καλὸν δένδρον. However, the addition of the article reveals that the quantifier πᾶν is not in the same place as the adjective καλόν. The article with each phrase would be πᾶν τὸ δένδρον and τὸ καλὸν δένδρον. In other words, the quantifier normally comes before the article rather than after as an adjective does, suggesting that πᾶς belongs to a different grammatical category.

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SyntaxQuantifier – πᾶς plural

In the plural, πᾶς is almost always found with the article, which is the opposite of what we saw with the singular. The main exception to this is the phrase πάντες ἄνθρωποι which means ‘all people’ (see Semantics B for further discussion). Other than that, we almost always see the plural form of the quantifier ‘all’ with the article followed by either a noun or a participle:

• (162) Before a regular noun/participle
• πάντες γὰρ οἱ προφῆται … ἐπροφήτευσαν (Matt 11:13)
• For all the prophets … prophesied

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SemanticsQuantifier – πᾶς singular

In the singular, πᾶς is usually found without the article and means ‘every’:

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