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Chapter 37 · Lesson 37.2 · Participle
Participle – Leluka active feminine
ObjectivesLearning objectives
- The syntax and semantics of the causal conjunction διότι
- The feminine morphology of the Leluka active participle
- The semantics of stative passive participles
VocabularyVocabulary
| Greek | Gloss | Part of speech | Paradigm |
|---|---|---|---|
| ἡ μετάνοια, -ας | the repentance | noun | B.a.α.ii |
| ἡ χιλιάς, -άδος | the thousand | noun | B.a.γ.iv |
| ἐκλεκτός, -ή, -όν | chosen | adjective | A.a.α |
| γεννᾷ σε | (he) begets you (acc) | verb | C.a.γ |
| προσδοκᾷ τινα | (he) expects something/one (acc) | verb | C.a.γ |
| διότι | because | conjunction |
Noteδιότι
The causal conjunction διότι can be used to introduce the reason why a statement is true:
I am not worthy to be called an apostle διότι ἐδίωξα τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ θεοῦ [because I persecuted the church of God] (1 Cor 15:9)
It is also used after imperatives to give the reason why a command or prohibition should be complied with:
- (370) Reason for complying with a command/prohibition μὴ φοβοῦ, Ζαχαρία, διότι εἰσηκούσθη ἡ δέησίς σου (Luke 1:13)
- Do not fear, Zechariah, because your prayer was heard
MorphologyMorphology: Participle – Leluka active feminine
- The Leluka act fem ptcp adds -κυῖ to the reduplicated Leluka stem and then attaches -α 1st declension endings (because of the final ι)
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative singular | πεπτωκώς | πεπτωκυῖα | πεπτωκός |
| Genitive singular | πεπτωκότος | πεπτωκυίας | πεπτωκότος |
| Dative singular | πεπτωκότι | πεπτωκυίᾳ | πεπτωκότι |
| Accusative singular | πεπτωκότα | πεπτωκυῖαν | πεπτωκός |
| Nominative plural | πεπτωκότες | πεπτωκυῖαι | πεπτωκότα |
| Genitive plural | πεπτωκότων | πεπτωκυιῶν | πεπτωκότων |
| Dative plural | πεπτωκόσι(ν) | πεπτωκυίαις | πεπτωκόσι(ν) |
| Accusative plural | πεπτωκότας | πεπτωκυίας | πεπτωκότα |
SemanticsSemantics: Participle (9 – Events in passive participles)
Participle: all 7 parts on one page →Also in Lesson 18.2, Lesson 19.2, Lesson 20.3, Lesson 27.1, Lesson 30.2, Lesson 36.1
In 33.1.3.2, we said that the most common adjectival participles were those in middle or passive voice because these routinely refer to states, which adjectives also refer to. What makes middle or passive participles different from adjectives is that participles always have an event related to the state. The linguistic evidence for this is that we can add the agent in a by -phrase:
καὶ αὐτὸς ἐδίδασκεν ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν δοξαζόμενος ὑπὸ πάντων (Luke 4:15)
And he was teaching in their synagogues and was being honored by all
Syntactically, δοξαζόμενος is not modifying another noun or referring directly to an individual, so it is best analyzed as a verbal participle. The addition of the by -phrase, ὑπὸ πάντων, specifies who the agent is. While this might be expected for verbal passive participles, the agent can also be re-introduced with adjectival and nominal participles:
τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τὸ εὐαγγελισθὲν ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ (Gal 1:11)
The gospel preached by me
τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ κυρίου (Matt 1:22)
The thing spoken by the lord
The participle εὐαγγελισθὲν is functioning adjectivally to modify the noun εὐαγγέλιον. It is a preached gospel. The by -phrase is giving the agent of the event of preaching that gospel, namely Paul. The participle ῥηθέν ‘thing spoken’ is used with the article as a noun, and the agent of the event of speaking is expressed with ὑπὸ κυρίου.
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New Testament text shown on hover: Greek from the SBLGNT, © 2010 Society of Biblical Literature and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0; English from the Berean Standard Bible (public domain).