Verb – β, π, φ endings

ObjectivesLearning objectives

• The morphology of verbs with stems ending in a labial
• The semantics of the futurate use of Luo

VocabularyVocabulary

MorphologyMorphology: Verb - β, π, φ endings

• When an ending beginning with σ is attached, the labial contracts to form ψ, e.g. βλέπ-σω → βλέψω
• When a psv ending beginning with θ is attached, either:
• The θ drops out, e.g. ἐστράφ-θην → ἐστράφην (from στρέφομαι)
• The labial changes to φ, e.g. ἀπεκάλυπτ-θην → ἀπεκάλυφθην (from ἀποκαλύπτω)
• In Leluka act forms, the κ drops out, e.g. γέγραφ-κα → γέγραφα (from γράφω)
• In Leluka psv forms, the labial becomes π before a τ, and μ before another μ, e.g. γέγραφ-ται → γέγραπται, γέγραφ-μαι → γέγραμμαι

SemanticsSemantics: Verb – Luo (7 – Futurate)

Verb – Luo: all 4 parts on one page →Also in Lesson 38.1, Lesson 42.2, Lesson 43.2

Luo may be used to refer to future events that are expected to occur for some reason, similar to how it can be used for events that have already been decided upon (38.1.3.2):

• (391) Future event expected to occur Μεσσίας ἔρχεται (John 4:25)
• The Messiah is coming

The Samaritan woman is not describing the Messiah as being literally on his way at this moment, nor is she saying that the Messiah has already decided to come. Rather, she knows that the Messiah is going to come at a future time. Because she expects him to come, she can use the present. Expected or scheduled eventualities like these are called futurates. This is a common use of present tense forms across languages. We are distinguishing between futurates and the pre-stage of an event based on whether the speaker has decided to perform the event (pre-stage) or is merely expecting the event for some reason (futurate). In both cases, the eventuality is expected to occur, and because of this, its occurrence is more certain than a normal future event referred to by Luso.